French counter-terrorism

昨年のクリスマス休暇は､友人家族の招待を受けてパリで過ごしたのですが､花の都で目にしたのは自動小銃を抱えた多くの警察官と治安部隊の姿でした｡夏の終わりに続いてテロ警告が出ていたのかと思ったのですが､そうではなく､1990年代以降フランスにおけるテロ対策の姿だと理解しました｡以下は､｢国際安全保障｣の期末エッセイで引用した論文からの抽出です｡エッセイの出来は予想を裏切り､"first class student"の評価をもらいました｡

• 'The French authorities regect the idea that the Muslim community should be a "partner" in counter-terrorism and continue to use preventive arrests and extradition as primary counter-terrrorism measures. The French government also relied upon past experience: the policy of early disruption of group activities by means of forcible removals is regarded as faving been successful in countering the terrorist wave perpetrated by the Algerian GSPC in 1990s'.
• 'The French provided the information needed to foil the plot for the Millennium attack on Los Angels Airport, when Ahmed Ressam was arrested on the Canadian border on 14 December 1999 with explosives in the boot of his car'. 'He [Ressam] was related to the so-called "Roubaix gang", which was also responsible for the foiled attack on the Strasbourg Christmas market'.
• '[T]he French approach as crime-focused compared to the American "war against terror". The French state behaves in the "Latin model" ...and does not need to consult or seek public approval when acting in the sovereign realms of the state, which includes policing'.
• '[T]he French authorities realised that they were unaware of the campaign of attacks prepared by Algerian terrorist groups in Paris. The turn-around came when the police put an end to a series of attacks in 1995 on the Paris Metro, a case that ended in 21 convictions of co-conspirators in 1999. In fact, suspected terrorists are not treated as ordinary criminals'.
• 'In 2006, prior to the election of Nicolas Sarkozy to the presidency, the French government announced the preparation of reforms to counter-terrorism enforcement, which will reportedly strengthen the police's surveillance powers and also emphasise the prevention and monitoring of the social consequences of counter-terrorism'.

特に最後の項目は､9/11後のアメリカ､すなわち愛国者法と哲学が同じであり､また､強権的なサルコジ政権成立前から導入されていた点に､フランス流テロ対策の考え方が表れていると思います｡引用元は以下の記事｡

Klausen, Jytte. 2009. British Counter-Terrorism After 7/7: Adapting Community Policing to the Fight Against Domestic Terrorism. Journal of Ethinic and Migration Studies. 35(3), pp. 403-420.

タイトルから察せられるとおり､この論文の主題はロンドン同時テロ後における英国政府の対策です｡そのアンチテーゼとして､フランスのテロ対策が取り上げられ､｢基本的人権とプライバシーの点で問題あり｣というのがKlausenの考えです｡